Our practice is deeply involved in micro-housing – as
architects, as developers, and as proponents in the public policy sphere. Getting
these projects done has become an ever-increasing uphill battle. Taking stock and looking back over that last
couple years, I think I’m ready to call it:
The war
against micro-housing is over…and micro-housing has lost.
The straw that broke the camel’s back is a recent SDCI director’s rule
that places new restrictions on Small Efficiency Dwelling Units (SEDU’s) to the extent that that they will no
longer be meaningfully smaller than a typical studio apartment. It is a
significant setback for micro-housing and the ability of private market
development to help with housing affordability.
But it is only the latest in a series of unforced errors that has taken Seattle
from being a national leader on this issue to leaving the stage altogether.
As a firm we have worked to create plentiful, high quality,
small-unit housing, designed to support livability and promote community among
residents. We have worked to get the Multi-Family Tax Exemption (MFTE) program aligned with micro-housing development to increase the supply of
affordable rent-stabilized units. We have
worked with policymakers and legislators to avoid unintended consequences when
crafting policy language and code interpretations. We worked with the HALA committee to get
micro-housing promotion into the HALA agenda. Along the way we have won some
kudos for our design work and for our advocacy efforts, but frankly little
else. We have had some success getting
policy makers to agree with us in principle, but where the rubber meets the
road we are not seeing any actual progress on the ground. To the contrary, the policy direction is
still moving backward.
How did we kill
Microhousing?
There’s no one single moment where we drove the bus off the
cliff. Rather, it’s been a process of
accumulated bad decisions. To help illustrate, I went back in my files and pulled
together the following timeline summary of the past few years:
2007-2009: Microhousing first appears in the
Seattle Market. In 2007 Calhoun Properties remodels an existing duplex to create small units with private bathrooms paired with shared kitchens and open space. In 2009, they apply this idea to two new townhouse developments in the UW and Central District. Average unit size is
about 140sf.
July 2009: Seattle Times publishes
an article about Videre Apartments (23rd & John). Public awareness and outrage
grows.
2010-2013:
Microhousing proliferates
and evolves. Average unit size increases
to about 175sf. Production ramps up to over 1000 units per year.
2013: New Microhousing
legislation is
proposed, requiring all projects to undergo design review and to include more
amenities such as common areas and bike parking.
2014: Revised
Microhousing legislation proposes more expansive changes, prohibits congregate
housing development in low-rise and most neighborhood commercial zones, replaces
congregate housing with SEDU’s having a minimum average size of 220sf.
August 2014: King
County Superior Court rules
that all current pod-style microhousing projects must go through the design
review process. Most existing projects
switch over from pod-style to SEDU’s.
October 2014: Microhousing
legislation passes with some additional (hostile) amendments. Congregate
housing is virtually
banned, and subsequently disappears from the development
pipeline. SEDU’s are encouraged as replacement for congregate housing. A minimum unit size of 220 sf is required,
but the minimum size is hard to achieve due to other restrictions. A 250-270 sf
average unit size becomes a more typical outcome once all regulations are met.
December 2014: A hearing
examiner appeal invalidates the working definition of frequent transit,
because SDCI determines frequent transit based on “average” time between
transit stops, but the land use code definition does not contain the word
“average”. Small unit development is no longer possible in portions of several
Urban Villages. Despite the fact that
the issue was flagged by the HALA committee, and that the issue could be
resolved by a one word addition to the land use code, no legislative fix has
been brought forward to date.
February 2015: The city
council passes new
rules that exclude congregate housing from participation in the MFTE program
and sets a price for SEDU units that makes SEDU participation improbable. Since
this time, only one SEDU project has applied for MFTE.
July 2015: The HALA
report is published. HALA
acknowledges the de-facto ban on congregate micro-housing, recommends relaxing recently
created restrictions to increase the supply. This recommendation is not
included in the city council HALA work plan.
August 2015: SDCI
enacts a new internal interpretation for the minimum clear floor space in a
dwelling unit (the 70-7 rule). The
smallest (least expensive) unit sizes in all of our congregate housing projects
are no longer legal. To date the 70-7 rule remains unpublished in any public
document. Applicants can only discover
the issue only through a correction notice during permit review.
February 2016: Neiman Taber submits a CCAB appeal of the
70-7 rule for congregate residences, arguing it is inconsistent with the
published code interpretation manual, past practices, historical models of
small unit housing, and counterproductive to the very habitability and
livability concerns that it aims to support.
The CCAB ruling upholds the 70-7 rule but acknowledges that we have a
point. The CCAB asks SDCI to develop a
code change to accommodate the design of small congregate units. SDCI has taken no action to date.
June 2016: New SEDU rules are
enacted apply the 70-7 rule to the entire living area of the unit. Many unit
designs in the 250-280sf range will no longer meet SEDU requirements. Note: 300sf is the bottom end of the range
for a small regular studio apartment.
What now?
With the advent of the new SEDU rules, all of our projects
with SEDU units will be going back to the drawing board for a re-design to
enlarge the units. An example of this
change is shown below, where a project loses two units per floor under the new
SEDU rules. In a nutshell, the unit count drops by about 10%, and the average
unit size goes up about 10%, with rents rising accordingly.
 |
| BEFORE - Floorplan Layout Using Old SEDU Rules |
 |
| AFTER - Floorplan Layout Using New SEDU Rules |
Congregate housing
production, which peaked at over 1000 units per year, has been
reduced to a trickle. Going forward,
the SEDU development that largely took its place will be virtually
indistinguishable in density and unit size from conventional studio apartments. Barring any future changes, microhousing in
Seattle is essentially done. There will be a few projects around the margins
(mostly ours) that will continue to keep the format alive in the technical sense. But in terms of providing an
affordable alternative to conventional development at a production scale where
it can make a meaningful difference?
Nope. Game over.
How can we fix the
situation?
Policymakers need to hear from citizens that care about
these issues. Here’s what you can do:
·
Ask the city council to fix the frequent transit
definition in this year’s omnibus code cleanup. This is the lowest of the low-hanging
fruit of the HALA agenda. This problem has inhibited small unit development in a number of
neighborhoods for almost two years, with no end in sight. Contact CM Rob Johnson.
·
Ask SDCI to revoke the new director’s rule for
SEDU’s. Size requirements beyond the building
code minimums should not be superimposed on a housing type that exists for the sole
purpose of being a smaller and more affordable option. Contact SDCI Director Nathan Torgelson.
·
The Office of Housing needs to revise the rules
for SEDU participation in MFTE. The rates for SEDUs should be evaluated using
the same criteria as all other types - that participation is about 50%. It is currently at about 4% (one participant
for 25 active projects). Contact CM Tim
Burgess and OH Director Steve
Walker.
·
Ask SDCI to follow through on the CCAB request
to develop building code language that will support small affordable congregate
microhousing. Contact SDCI Director Nathan Torgelson.
·
Put re-legalizing congregate microhousing on the
council agenda. In the meantime, request that the city sell their listed
surplus properties in NC3 zoning to be developed as microhousing to make up
for the suppression of market production. Contact CM Rob Johnson and CM Tim
Burgess.
·
Ask the city to create an executive branch staff
position for a HALA cop – someone whose portfolio is dedicated to challenging
city staff and agencies when their actions are inconsistent with the intent of
HALA. Contact Mayor Ed Murray.
